1.表达方式
1)有关“启”的常用词语：用于引导主题句，或用于主题句的后面，引导第一个扩展句．
first(ly) 第一 at first 最初
first of all 首先,第一 in the beginning 起初．
in the first place 首先,第— at present 现在
to begin with 首先，第一 currently 目前
to start with 第一 lately 最近
for one thing(常与for another now 现在
连用) 首先（其次） recently 最近
on the one hand(常与on the other in general 一般来说
hand连用) 一方面(另一方面) generally speaking 一般地说
2)有关“承”的常用词语：用于承接主题句或第一个(或前一个)扩展句．
secondly 第二；第二点 in other words 换句话说
third(ly) 第三；第三点 in particular 特别，由其
also／too 并且；凡也 in the same way 同样地
besides (this) 此外 after that 此后
in addition 此外 afterwards 此后
in addition to 除…之外 after a few days 几天之后
furthermore 而且,此外 after a while 过了一会儿
moreover 而且,此外 from now on 从此
what is more 而且，此外 later 后来
for another 其次 just as 正如
for example 例如 similarly 同样地
for instance 例如 meanwhile 与此同时
as an example 例如 at the same time 同时
as another example 再如 by this time 此时
namely 即，就是 soon 不久
then 然后 consequently 因此，结果
of course 当然 for this purpose 为此
equally important 同样重要
3)有关“转”的常用词语：用来表示不同或相反的情况。
After all 毕竟 on the contrary 相反地
But 但是 in contrast 相比之下
yet 仍；然而 unlike... 与…不同
however 然而 whereas．．． 然而...
nevertheless 尽管如此 on the other hand 另—方面
nonetheless 尽管如此 all the same 但是
conversely 相反 unfortunately 不幸地
though 尽管如此 still 仍然
although 虽然... in fact 事实上；
despite 尽管… as a matter of fact事实上
in spite of... 尽管...
4)有关“合”的常用词语：用于小结段落中上文的内容，引导最后一个扩展句或引导结尾句表示段落的结束。
finally 最后 as has been noted 如前所述
hence 因此 as I have said 如我所述
in brief 简言之 at last 终于
in conclusion 总之 at length 最后；终于
in short 简言之 by and large 一般说来
in summary 摘要地说 consequently 因此
therefore 因此 eventually 最终
thus 因此 accordingly 于是
to sum up 总而言之 indeed 的确
to conclude 总而言之 surely 无疑
to summarize 总而言之 no doubt 毫无疑问
briefly 简单地说 undoubtedly 无疑
above all 最重要的是 truly 的确
as a consequence 因此 so 所以
as a result 结果 obviously 显然
for this reason 所以 certainly 无疑
[注] 上面所列各种“启，承，转，合”表达方式只是一个摹本分类．在不同的上，下文中，有的表达方式如：naturally, obviously，consequently可以表达数种逻辑关系．
2.“启、承，转、合”的词语用法实例：
实例：1 (In general,
(启) (Generally speaking, studying too hard may be harmful to students.
(On the whole,
( Lately,
( Currently,
(启) ( At present, many teachers expect their pupils to do more work than they can handle.
( Now,
(Recently,
( Moreover,
( Also,
(承) ( Furthermore, parents do not realize that pressing their children to study harder than
( Meanwhile,
( What is more, (Certainly,
called for can injure their health.(承)(In fact, most parents know that growing boys and girls (Obviously,
(Of course,
(Nevertheless,
(However,
need relaxation as well as exercise.(转)(On the other hand, many students have no choice but (Still,
(Unfortunately,
to burn the candle at both ends in order to get good grades and please their parents. But a physically
weak or socially deprived child may not be able to keep up with such a hurried pace.
( As a result,
( Consequently,
( Thus,
(合) (Therefore, some students may very possibly fail in school because of this pressure
(Hence,
(In brief,
(In conclusion,
to study in excess of required.
例 2: ( In the first place,
( To begin with,
Chinese differs from English in several ways.(启) ( First of all, their word orders are
( To start with,
( First(ly),
( For instance,
different. (承) ( For example, in English, a common greeting is “How are you?”
( As an example,
( Yet, ( Second(ly),
(转) ( But, in Chinese, “You are how?” is correct. (承) ( Besides, in Chinese,
( However, ( Also,
( Nevertheless, ( Next,
( What is more,
( Furthermore,
( Moreover,
our verbs do not have the past tense; instead, we know the time from the adverb. In English,
( However ,
( In addition to,
(转) ( On the other hand, time is indicated by the tense. (承) (Besides, these basic problems,
( Nevertheless, (Apart from,
( Yet, (For instance, Chinese and English have many small differences. (承) (For example, Chinese does not distinguish
(As an example,
“he” and “she”, nor is there a difference between “a” and “an” as there is in English.
( Certainly,
( Undoubtedly,
( In deed,
(合) ( Obviously, it is these differences that make English difficult for the Chinese students to learn.
( Thus,
( In short,
( In brief,
[注] (1)虽然每一个大括号里的用语可以换用，但是在具体的上下文中究竟哪一个最佳仍需一步甄选，另外，在一段文章中要尽量避免重复使用相同的连接语．
(2)并不是每个段落都有一个完整的“启，承，转，合”的过程．一般说来，“启、承”比较固定，而“转，合”则往往要取决于文体和段落的发展方法。
